⚠️ Important update regarding the Lekhana Mains Answer writing program. please contact @VK_IAS
🔰Also regarding Telangana Group 1 exam( TSPSC)- in alignment with my views( Click here) - the exam process is extremely unfair. I feel terribly sorry for some of the most sincere aspirants who dedicated more than 3 years hoping that this exam process would be closed in a legitimate manner.
🔰Also regarding Telangana Group 1 exam( TSPSC)- in alignment with my views( Click here) - the exam process is extremely unfair. I feel terribly sorry for some of the most sincere aspirants who dedicated more than 3 years hoping that this exam process would be closed in a legitimate manner.
✅Gs-2 : Indian constitution- Citizenship - Assam Accord (1985)
🅾️Context : Assam's special demographic context (owing to large-scale migration) brings into question the extent of state autonomy in handling immigration and citizenship versus Parliament’s powers to legislate on citizenship issues
🔰What did the court say ?-upheld the constitutionality of Section 6A
⚠️Takeaway for us?- The verdict shows broader challenges in balancing national interests with regional identities. Especially in areas affected by migration and demographic change. It sets the stage for future legal debates around citizenship laws, including the CAA
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🅾️Context : Assam's special demographic context (owing to large-scale migration) brings into question the extent of state autonomy in handling immigration and citizenship versus Parliament’s powers to legislate on citizenship issues
🔰What did the court say ?-upheld the constitutionality of Section 6A
⚠️Takeaway for us?- The verdict shows broader challenges in balancing national interests with regional identities. Especially in areas affected by migration and demographic change. It sets the stage for future legal debates around citizenship laws, including the CAA
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-3 : Science and Technology- Achievements/Contribution of Indians in Science & Technology/ Indigenous technology- Nobel prizes for Indians
🔰Read : FEB 28th- National science day- CV raman
🅾️Why India does not get enough recognition in international research scene?- What to do?- Click here
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@hinduhighlights for News analysis
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🔰Read : FEB 28th- National science day- CV raman
🅾️Why India does not get enough recognition in international research scene?- What to do?- Click here
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@upschighlights for prelims info
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Forwarded from VK IAS(UPSC Highlights)- History
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#GS1-#Art_and_Culture
🔴GS1- Art and culture
🔴GS1- History
✅Classical language status- 5 New classical languages.
🅾️ A language is considered classical if it has a recorded history of at least 1500–2000 years, has a rich heritage passed down through generations, and its literary tradition is distinct and not borrowed from another speech community.In 2005, the criteria were adjusted to lower the historical threshold to 1500 years and added a requirement that there must be a discontinuity between the classical form and its modern derivatives.
🅾️New Changes in 2024:The "literary tradition" clause was removed, allowing modern languages to apply. A new emphasis was placed on "knowledge texts," including prose, poetry, and inscriptions.
➡️Join : @historyhighlights for History news.
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🔴GS1- Art and culture
🔴GS1- History
✅Classical language status- 5 New classical languages.
🅾️ A language is considered classical if it has a recorded history of at least 1500–2000 years, has a rich heritage passed down through generations, and its literary tradition is distinct and not borrowed from another speech community.In 2005, the criteria were adjusted to lower the historical threshold to 1500 years and added a requirement that there must be a discontinuity between the classical form and its modern derivatives.
🅾️New Changes in 2024:The "literary tradition" clause was removed, allowing modern languages to apply. A new emphasis was placed on "knowledge texts," including prose, poetry, and inscriptions.
➡️Join : @historyhighlights for History news.
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs3- Disaster management - Weather forecasting models
🅾️Why is it important?- About 40% of districts in India face alternating climatic extremes—floods during the monsoons and droughts during dry seasons.
🅾️Importance of Mission Mausam?- Click here
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🅾️Why is it important?- About 40% of districts in India face alternating climatic extremes—floods during the monsoons and droughts during dry seasons.
🅾️Importance of Mission Mausam?- Click here
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-2 : Health
🅾️NHM Components » Communicable Disease Control Programme-> Revised National Tuberculosis Control program- Click here
🅾️Context : The Ministry of Health’s proposal to increase the direct benefit transfer under the Nikshay Poshan Yojana (NPY) from ₹500 to ₹1,000 per month for TB patients ->Poor access to healthcare, undernutrition, and social stigma are significant contributors to the high rate of TB in India.
🅾️Evidence from the RATIONS trial suggests that nutritional support improves TB treatment adherence, weight gain, and reduces the risk of death by 50%.
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️NHM Components » Communicable Disease Control Programme-> Revised National Tuberculosis Control program- Click here
🅾️Context : The Ministry of Health’s proposal to increase the direct benefit transfer under the Nikshay Poshan Yojana (NPY) from ₹500 to ₹1,000 per month for TB patients ->Poor access to healthcare, undernutrition, and social stigma are significant contributors to the high rate of TB in India.
🅾️Evidence from the RATIONS trial suggests that nutritional support improves TB treatment adherence, weight gain, and reduces the risk of death by 50%.
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-3 : Environment- Biodiversity conservation
🅾️Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework in UN-CBD (COP-15) Summit- Click here
🅾️Present context : Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)- COP 16- Cali, Colombia.
🅾️What to focus on?- Momentum for the 30 by 30 Target, Negotiations on sharing benefits from the use of genetic information of plants and animals
⚠️Financing remains a major hurdle, with $200 billion per year needed to meet the biodiversity goals, including efforts to reduce plastic pollution and support developing nations in their conservation efforts.
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⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework in UN-CBD (COP-15) Summit- Click here
🅾️Present context : Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)- COP 16- Cali, Colombia.
🅾️What to focus on?- Momentum for the 30 by 30 Target, Negotiations on sharing benefits from the use of genetic information of plants and animals
⚠️Financing remains a major hurdle, with $200 billion per year needed to meet the biodiversity goals, including efforts to reduce plastic pollution and support developing nations in their conservation efforts.
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-3 : Environment- Climate change
🅾️What is Geoengineering- kinds and impacts?- Click here
⚜️Cloud seeding and its impact- calcium chloride as cloud seeding flare
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🅾️What is Geoengineering- kinds and impacts?- Click here
⚜️Cloud seeding and its impact- calcium chloride as cloud seeding flare
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✅Gs-2 : Centre- state relations- Federalism
✅Gs-3 : Mobilization of resources- Taxation
🅾️Issue : 7th schedule allows both the Union and the states certain powers over alcohol, creating overlapping regulatory entries.The case stems from a legal interpretation of whether industrial alcohol qualifies as "intoxicating liquor," traditionally regulated by both Union and State under different legislative entries.
⚠️Supreme Court’s Decision : states have the power to tax industrial alcohol under their jurisdiction. It reinforced that industrial alcohol does not fall under the Union List, which restricts the Union's ability to tax materials not used as beverages but for industrial purposes.Industrial alcohol is essentially impure alcohol used in industries, not for human consumption.
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
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✅Gs-3 : Mobilization of resources- Taxation
🅾️Issue : 7th schedule allows both the Union and the states certain powers over alcohol, creating overlapping regulatory entries.The case stems from a legal interpretation of whether industrial alcohol qualifies as "intoxicating liquor," traditionally regulated by both Union and State under different legislative entries.
⚠️Supreme Court’s Decision : states have the power to tax industrial alcohol under their jurisdiction. It reinforced that industrial alcohol does not fall under the Union List, which restricts the Union's ability to tax materials not used as beverages but for industrial purposes.Industrial alcohol is essentially impure alcohol used in industries, not for human consumption.
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-2 : Fundamental Rights- Right to Education vs Right to freedom of religion
🅾️Context : NCPCR's directive aims to ensure that madrassas comply with child rights and provide standardized education as per the RTE Act.
🅾️Why did NCPCR do so?- The state’s intervention stems from concerns about child protection, quality education, and the prevention of religious isolation or indoctrination.
🅾️Issue : enforcing universal education standards while respecting religious institutions’ autonomy, leading to tension in governance.
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⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️Context : NCPCR's directive aims to ensure that madrassas comply with child rights and provide standardized education as per the RTE Act.
🅾️Why did NCPCR do so?- The state’s intervention stems from concerns about child protection, quality education, and the prevention of religious isolation or indoctrination.
🅾️Issue : enforcing universal education standards while respecting religious institutions’ autonomy, leading to tension in governance.
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-2 : IR-
🅾️Fundamental premise of the article : Countries will always revert to their own strategic interests, even when working within larger alliances.
🅾️Proof of the above assertion?- The Global South, traditionally seen as a unified bloc, has displayed a fragmented approach to the Gaza crisis. This division stems from individual national interests overriding collective multilateralism.
🅾️What does the author say?- While multilateral frameworks like BRICS exist, individual national agendas often prevail, showing that the construct of "Global South" unity may be more rhetorical than practical.
⚠️Also read : Dichotomy between global rise and regional decline poses challenges for India's global aspirations.
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️Fundamental premise of the article : Countries will always revert to their own strategic interests, even when working within larger alliances.
🅾️Proof of the above assertion?- The Global South, traditionally seen as a unified bloc, has displayed a fragmented approach to the Gaza crisis. This division stems from individual national interests overriding collective multilateralism.
🅾️What does the author say?- While multilateral frameworks like BRICS exist, individual national agendas often prevail, showing that the construct of "Global South" unity may be more rhetorical than practical.
⚠️Also read : Dichotomy between global rise and regional decline poses challenges for India's global aspirations.
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-2 : IR- BRICS- Kazan declaration
🅾️Context : The expansion of BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) may lead to complications in coordination and governance due to the growing diversity of interests among the new and old members.
🅾️Why?- The larger the group, the harder it is to reach consensus on key global issues, particularly when interests diverge.The original BRICS nations aim to reform global institutions like the UN and IMF to better represent emerging economies, but this goal may get diluted with more members joining, each with their own agendas.
⚠️What should BRICS do?- expansion without strategic coordination risks undermining BRICS' goals- so they should focus on creating mechanisms to handle the increasing complexity that comes with more members joining the club.
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️Context : The expansion of BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) may lead to complications in coordination and governance due to the growing diversity of interests among the new and old members.
🅾️Why?- The larger the group, the harder it is to reach consensus on key global issues, particularly when interests diverge.The original BRICS nations aim to reform global institutions like the UN and IMF to better represent emerging economies, but this goal may get diluted with more members joining, each with their own agendas.
⚠️What should BRICS do?- expansion without strategic coordination risks undermining BRICS' goals- so they should focus on creating mechanisms to handle the increasing complexity that comes with more members joining the club.
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-2 : India- China Relations
🅾️China's Border Disputes : Click here
🅾️Why this law?- Both countries understood that Border Management is must for Stability
🅾️Mechanism: Structured Patrolling Points and Rules of Engagement
🅾️Issue - real test will be how both countries follows through, given China's ambiguous position on past commitments- need disengagement in sensitive areas (e.g., Pangong Tso and Gogra-Hot Springs)
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🅾️China's Border Disputes : Click here
🅾️Why this law?- Both countries understood that Border Management is must for Stability
🅾️Mechanism: Structured Patrolling Points and Rules of Engagement
🅾️Issue - real test will be how both countries follows through, given China's ambiguous position on past commitments- need disengagement in sensitive areas (e.g., Pangong Tso and Gogra-Hot Springs)
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-3 : Economic growth- Role of Institutions in growth
🅾️Context : Criticism of the work-"why nations fail"- AJR’s framework is too rigid, Eurocentric, and historically simplistic, missing the nuanced, diverse, and complex paths countries take toward development, especially those impacted by colonialism.
🔰Summary of the article in simple words- but do read what this theory is all about in the linked article above.
⚜️One-size-fits-all approach to institutions: institutions are not inherently good or bad in all situations
⚜️Western Development Bias:Development in many Western countries involved wealth extraction from colonies, which AJR’s model does not adequately address
⚜️ overly simplistic and does not consider complex historical factors, such as colonial exploitation.
⚜️Ignoring State Intervention:through government policies like protectionism and industrial planning
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️Context : Criticism of the work-"why nations fail"- AJR’s framework is too rigid, Eurocentric, and historically simplistic, missing the nuanced, diverse, and complex paths countries take toward development, especially those impacted by colonialism.
🔰Summary of the article in simple words- but do read what this theory is all about in the linked article above.
⚜️One-size-fits-all approach to institutions: institutions are not inherently good or bad in all situations
⚜️Western Development Bias:Development in many Western countries involved wealth extraction from colonies, which AJR’s model does not adequately address
⚜️ overly simplistic and does not consider complex historical factors, such as colonial exploitation.
⚜️Ignoring State Intervention:through government policies like protectionism and industrial planning
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-2 : Fundamental Rights- Legal Basis for Right to Die with Dignity
🅾️Sc in Aruna Shanbaug v. Union of India (2011), Common Cause v. Union of India (2018) : withholding or withdrawing life support is legal and can be part of the right to die with dignity under Article 21
🔰Things to know :
⚜️Withholding Treatment: Not starting a new treatment or resuscitation efforts.
⚜️Withdrawing Treatment: Stopping existing life-support treatment, recognizing it as futile for the patient’s recovery.
⚜️Passive Euthanasia: When a patient is allowed to die by withholding or withdrawing treatment, focusing on relieving suffering rather than prolonging life artificially.
🅾️Also read this example :Click here
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
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🅾️Sc in Aruna Shanbaug v. Union of India (2011), Common Cause v. Union of India (2018) : withholding or withdrawing life support is legal and can be part of the right to die with dignity under Article 21
🔰Things to know :
⚜️Withholding Treatment: Not starting a new treatment or resuscitation efforts.
⚜️Withdrawing Treatment: Stopping existing life-support treatment, recognizing it as futile for the patient’s recovery.
⚜️Passive Euthanasia: When a patient is allowed to die by withholding or withdrawing treatment, focusing on relieving suffering rather than prolonging life artificially.
🅾️Also read this example :Click here
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⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-3 : Pollution - Air pollution
⚠️Already covered the points needed - click here
🅾️What is the key take away here?- crop stubble ALONE is not responsible for winter pollution in delhi- it is just 15% of the total!
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
⚠️Already covered the points needed - click here
🅾️What is the key take away here?- crop stubble ALONE is not responsible for winter pollution in delhi- it is just 15% of the total!
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-3 : Animal Husbandary- Livestock census
🅾️You can read about the 2019- Livestock census - click here
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🅾️You can read about the 2019- Livestock census - click here
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
Lekhana Mains answer writing program.pdf
5.1 MB
⚠️Attention : As already announced - the Lekhana PYQ based mains answer writing workshop+ Test series is relaunched.
⚜️Course Registration link : Click here
✅Contact : @vk_ias for Queries.
⚜️Course Registration link : Click here
✅Contact : @vk_ias for Queries.
VK IAS by Vikas kanukollu (VK)
Lekhana Mains answer writing program.pdf
✅Gs-3 : Climate change - Climate emergency- Climate tipping point.
⚜️The primary cause of global warming is the accumulation of greenhouse gases (GHGs)To stabilize global temperatures, GHG emissions must be reduced dramatically. The Paris Agreement aimed to keep temperature rise well below 2°C- At more than 2 degree Celsius, the 9 global tipping points identified- Click here
⚠️Current Reality:Emission targets set for 2025 and 2030 are unlikely to be met due to sustained or even increased GHG emissions.The warming already in motion creates feedback loops, such as increased release of methane from thawing permafrost, that accelerate warming even if emissions stabilize. This makes it harder to reverse or even halt temperature rise.
🔰Technological and structural shifts are necessary for energy transition- Click here
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
⚜️The primary cause of global warming is the accumulation of greenhouse gases (GHGs)To stabilize global temperatures, GHG emissions must be reduced dramatically. The Paris Agreement aimed to keep temperature rise well below 2°C- At more than 2 degree Celsius, the 9 global tipping points identified- Click here
⚠️Current Reality:Emission targets set for 2025 and 2030 are unlikely to be met due to sustained or even increased GHG emissions.The warming already in motion creates feedback loops, such as increased release of methane from thawing permafrost, that accelerate warming even if emissions stabilize. This makes it harder to reverse or even halt temperature rise.
🔰Technological and structural shifts are necessary for energy transition- Click here
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
⚠️FAQ - Why did VK IAS launch the Lekhana Mains answer writing program( Details - Click here) now?- November to feb is the most crucial time where a significant chunk of the aspirant community slows down a bit - Senior aspirants due to fatigue and junior aspirants because they don't realise the gravity of the situation. Answer writing is a skill based game- not a game of information alone! Lekhana is meant to be that ACTIONABLE agenda to overcome lethargy in these winter months.
⚜️Course Registration link : Click here
✅Contact : @vk_ias for Queries.
⚜️Course Registration link : Click here
✅Contact : @vk_ias for Queries.